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  • The Human Condition by Hannah Arendt

    The Human Condition by Hannah Arendt

    Published in 1958, “The Human Condition” is Hannah Arendt’s take on how “human activities” should be and have been understood throughout Western history.

    Arendt is interested in the vita activa (active life) as contrasted with the vita contemplativa (contemplative life) and concerned that the debate over the relative status of the two has blinded us to important insights about the vita activa and the way in which it has changed since ancient times.

    She distinguishes three sorts of activity (labor, work, and action) and discusses how they have been affected by changes in Western history.

    Men in plural can experience meaningfulness only because they can talk with and make sense to each other and themselves.

    Hannah Arendt
  • Naming and Necessity by Saul Kripke

    Naming and Necessity by Saul Kripke

    Kripke’s most important philosophical publication, Naming and Necessity (1980), based on transcripts of three lectures he delivered at Princeton in 1970, changed the course of analytic philosophy. It provided the first cogent account of necessity and possibility as metaphysical concepts, and it distinguished both concepts from the epistemological notions of a posteriori knowledge and a priori knowledge (knowledge acquired through experience and knowledge independent of experience, respectively) and from the linguistic notions of analytic truth and synthetic truth, or truth by virtue of meaning and truth by virtue of fact (see analytic proposition). In the course of making these distinctions, Kripke revived the ancient doctrine of essentialism, according to which objects possess certain properties necessarily—without them the objects would not exist at all.

    Proper names are rigid designators.

    Saul Kripke
  • The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir

    The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir

    “The Second Sex” is a 1949 book by the French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. It is a hymn to human freedom and a classic of the existentialist movement. It also has claims to be the most important book in the history of feminism.

    One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.

    Simone de Beauvoir
  • I Am Because We Are by Fred L. Hord

    I Am Because We Are by Fred L. Hord

    I Am Because We Are has been recognized as a major, canon-defining anthology and adopted as a text in a wide variety of college and university courses.

    Rene Descartes is often called the first modern philosopher, and his famous saying, “I think, therefore I am,” laid the groundwork for how we conceptualize our sense of self. But what if there’s an entirely different way to think about personal identity — a non-Western philosophy that rejects this emphasis on individuality?

    Steve Paulson
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